Jackson had vowed to send an army to force the state to stay in the Union, and Congress authorized him to raise such an army (all Southern senators walked out in protest before the vote was taken), but a compromise prevented the confrontation from occurring. 1619-1865 | The Peculiar Institution Slavery arrived in North America along side the Spanish and English colonists of the 17th and 18th centuries, with an estimated 645,000 Africans imported during the more than 250 years the institution was legal. ThoughtCo. [9] Her 1861 purple velvet dress with satin piping and mother-of-pearl buttons was made for Mrs. Lincoln to convey that she was both dignified and competent, characteristics that had important political and diplomatic functions in the early months of the Civil War (the gown was worn in late 1861early 1862). . The American Revolution was principally caused by colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies and to make them repay the crown for its defense of them during the French and Indian War (1754-63). The fight even erupted on the floor of the Senate when anti-slavery proponent Sen. Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was beaten on the head by South Carolina Sen. Preston Brooks. The Northern Whigs went on to create the _____ party. Kelly, Martin. What Is Nullification? Different social cultures and political beliefs developed. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. The South, however, continued to hold onto a social order based on white supremacy in both private and political life, not unlike that under the rule of racial apartheid that persisted in South Africa for decades. One abolitionist in particular became famousor infamous, depending on the point of viewfor battles that caused the deaths of pro-slavery settlers in Kansas. The English Civil Wars are traditionally considered to . The 3630 line is also known as the _______ line. [3] John C. Calhoun, Slavery as a Positive Good, 1837. Create and find flashcards in record time. The 1840s-1850s During the 1840s to 1850s, Europe's modernization spread to North America. Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction. What was the immediate cause of the Nigerian Civil War? This attack was in turn motivated by the election in 1860 of President Abraham. Southern reaction initially was that his acts were those of a mad fanatic, of little consequence. When the "Articles of Confederation" were written for the first Thirteen Colonies, the Federal Government was weak and hence enabled leaders of the time to write the Constitution. Some causes were cultural, while some were political, others were economic. There is an abundance of textual evidence to support this, perhaps most famously an address given by Alexander Stephens known as the Cornerstone Speech. Stephens, the Vice President of the newly formed Confederate States of America (also known as the Confederacy) delivered the address to a crowd in Savannah, Georgia, at a critical moment: March 1861, just weeks after the inauguration of, Stephens was far from the only person to voice this reasoning. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. The Northern and Southern sections of the United States developed along different lines. Sympathies began to grow for abolitionists and against enslavement and enslavers. With multiple leaders wanting their states to be able to decide whether or not to accept federal law, the idea of nullification arose. These images remind us of the importance of new technologies in disseminating images in the second half of the 19th century, but they also remind us that all images (even photographs) adopt a point of view and therefore must be approached critically. What were 2 immediate causes of the war? President James Buchanan's administration did little to quell the tension or stop what would become known as "Secession Winter." As with most wars, however, there was no single cause. Memorials to Stephens, who had said the Confederacys corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man still stand in public and civic spaces, including one in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., erected in 1927 during the Jim Crow era. It was designed to protect both Northern and Southern interests. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. [2], In fact, white southerners were not ashamed that millions of Black people were enslaved in their states; they proudly proclaimed that slavery was a positive good. [3], interfere with slavery where it already existed, slaveholders seized the opportunity of his election to break with the U.S. government and create a new nation where slavery could be protected forever. Still others, including Abraham Lincoln, simply hoped to keep slavery from expanding. There is an abundance of textual evidence to support this, perhaps most famously an address given by Alexander Stephens known as the Cornerstone Speech. Stephens, the Vice President of the newly formed Confederate States of America (also known as the Confederacy) delivered the address to a crowd in Savannah, Georgia, at a critical moment: March 1861, just weeks after the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. Mr. Miller Jordan & Priscilla CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR WEBQUEST WORKSHEET You will be able to The Republican Party would hold the presidency until the year ____. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The civil war was known as one of the bloodiest and deadliest conflicts the United States had ever seen. By end of the war, the United States had defeated the Confederacy, more than 750,000 Americans had died, and slavery had been banned everywhere in the United States through a Constitutional amendment. States' Rights vs. the Federal Government also created a deep divide between the North and the South, some believed that the state should hold power over Federal Law, but many others disagreed. This established a rule that prohibited enslavement in states from the former Louisiana Purchasenorth of the latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes, with the exception of Missouri. . The economic differences between the south and the north were tremendous . They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. The work of war. This created an economy deeply threatened by the oncoming rise of, John C. Calhoun was a leading advocate for Southern states and firmly believed in the idea of nullifying a federal act that was found unconstitutional. DeBow, J.D.B. Cotton, oil, and the economics of history: Samuel Colman, Jr.. 1860 presidential candidate Stephen A. Douglas. north. Browns raid thus became a step on the road to war between the sections. Which war broke out soon after the debates? Learn more about Alexander H. Stephens Cornerstone Speech. State's Rights. The South remained a predominantly agrarian economy while the North became more and more industrialized. answer choices. 30 seconds. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. You Can for $550,000, The Rogue General Lincoln Loved Was a Convicted Swindler and Forger, Read more on Americas history of slavery, Read more on the division issue of states rights, Read more about the abolitionist movement, Read more about the influence of harriet beecher stowe, https://www.historynet.com/what-caused-the-american-civil-war/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot. To the surprise of other Southern statesand even to many South Caroliniansthe convention voted to dissolve the states contract with the United States and strike off on its own. Other mountainous regions of the South, such as East Tennessee, also favored such a course but were too far from the support of Federal forces to attempt it. Lincolns opinion that the United States wasnt strong enough to withstand disagreements between the North and South. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. South Carolina was the first to officially declare its secession from the Union in December of 1860 with their "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." A month or so after the inauguration, and just three weeks after Stephens delivered his Cornerstone Speech, the U.S. Civil War began at Fort Sumter in South Carolina (the first state to secede from the Union). He is the author of "The Everything American Presidents Book" and "Colonial Life: Government. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go,, author@Dr. Kimberly Kutz Elliott, "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction," inSmarthistory, March 22, 2022, accessed October 30, 2022,https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The artist who created the sculpture of Stephens, Gutzon Borglum, also worked on the enormous memorial celebrating the Confederacy carved on the side of Stone Mountain and the carving at Mount Rushmore. B) Abraham Lincoln was elected president. Washington: A.O.P. Others voted down secessiontemporarily. The essays in this section follow the thread of slavery in art as it was sewn through ideas about freedom, westward expansion, and the political landscape, from the founding of the nation to the start of the Civil War. solidified the sharp division between those who were pro-slavery and those who were anti-slavery; the case had involved a former enslaved person, Dred Scott, suing his previous master for the right to his freedom. Not a single shot was fired in that exchange, but the stage was set for the bloodiest war in American history. The fugitive slave act along with the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin helped expand the support for abolishing slavery nationwide. With an economy based more on industry than agriculture, the North enjoyed a steady flow of European immigrants. The following is a timeline of the events that led to the Civil War. In contrast, the Souths enormous one-crop economy kept them heavily relying on slave labor. [8] Eleanor Harvey, The Civil War and American Art (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2012), p. 35. Matthew Fox-Amato, Exposing Slavery: Photography, Human Bondage, and the Birth of Modern Visual Politics in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019). When we examine the visual record of the Civil War, it is best to immediately ask who an image was made for, who made it, what it aimed to achieve, how it was understood at the time it was made, and how its meaning has changed. Did Uncle Tom's Cabin Help to Start the Civil War? government asserted that right by seizing federal property within its states' borders. What was the Republican Convention of 1860 for? Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union. Depicting the evils of slavery, it offered a vision of slavery that few in the nation had seen before. The American Civil War was fought from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865between the Union forces and the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. Nationalism, the love and support of one's country, has always existed. There are five main reasons for the outcome of Civil War in America; these causes were slavery, economy, Federal versus State rights, Abraham Lincoln becoming president and the Battle of Fort Sumter. Which Ohio delegate convinced his fellow state delegates to change their votes to Lincoln? They were responsible for the Pottawatomie Massacre, in which they killed five settlers who were pro-slavery. [5]. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. Increasingly, Northerners became more polarized against enslavement. first of all, the freedom of slaves led to dilemmas concerning housing, clothing, food, employment; the financial difficulties which led to having no money, closure of banks, inadequacy of supply of basic commodities, destruction of railroads and bridges, devastation of plantation and crops; as well as, the defeat of the confederacy which De Bow, J.D.B. Slavery was a cause of the Civil War due to the modernization of the North and their heavy focus on industry. However, a growing movement to abolish slavery had led many Northern states to enact abolitionist laws and abandon enslavement. David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, which would ban enslavement in the new lands. The third essay, Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery, discusses the visions of the West in art, and the effect these visions had on U.S. politics, as white Americans projected their aspirations and fears onto the future of the nation, heedless of its Indigenous and Hispanic residents. Problems came to a head with a violent clash at Lawrence, Kansas. Prior to the American Revolution, the institution of slavery in America had become firmly established as being limited to persons of African ancestry. When California was admitted as a free state, one of the provisions was the Fugitive Slave Act. The Second National Bank of the United States. Other causes of civil war include ideological differences, economic issues, state sovereignty, and a quest for power and state jurisdiction . Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (1868). A.H. Stephens, Southern Confederacy (March 25, 1861). How did this actually affect armies? Nicholson. As America began to expandfirst with the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase and later with the Mexican Warthe question arose of whether new states would be pro-slavery states or free states. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 would be the event that pushed the Southern states to their breaking point; a Republican President threatened to destroy their economy and their way of life. All soldiers in World War I had one thing in common: possible execution by their own country for alleged cowardice. Having tensions reach a breaking point caused the Civil War to begin with the Confederate attack on. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee, refusing to fight against other Southern states and feeling that Lincoln had exceeded his presidential authority, reversed themselves and voted in favor of session. 2. Ultimately, he left Kansas to carry his fight closer to the bosom of slavery. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. The Southern economy became a one-crop economy, depending on cotton and, therefore, on enslaved people. Paintings, too, often addressed the issues of both prewar and wartime emotion using landscape as a metaphoras the art historian Eleanor Harvey put it, American audiences seemed eager to ascribe patriotic sentiments to the landscape as a means of channeling wartime emotions. [8] For example, Frederic Churchs 1860 painting, The Meteor of 1860, depicts a meteor streaking through the night sky and its reflection in water below. Slave Revolts, Abolition, and the Underground Railroad, Resisting Racism in Policing and the Justice System, Martin Kelly, M.A., is a history teacher and curriculum developer. Due to its efficiency, many plantation owners moved from growing multiple crops to only focusing on harvesting cotton. One of these immediate causes was the monarch, Charles I, who was very unpopular in every sense of the word, for a variety of reasons. . The collections of museums and archives, as well as public monuments, show us how artists captured the many issues that divided the nation in the years leading up to the Civil War, from the abolitionist movement to westward expansion, in photography, painting, sculpture, and popular prints. corner-stone rests upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition. Called to remark on the Confederacys new constitution, Stephens bluntly outlined the reasons that southern states had seceded and what they hoped to achieve as an independent nation: the preservation of slavery and perpetuation of white supremacy. Secession commissioners who urged southern states to secede by speaking at legislatures and state conventions repeatedly cited their desire to protect slavery. Statistical View of the United States, Compendium of the Seventh Census. Winston Groom 7/7/2010 True Causes of the Civil War., viewed 1 . Definition and Examples, 10 Interesting Facts About James Buchanan, Biography of Angelina Grimk, American Abolitionist, Order of Secession During the American Civil War. This held individuals responsible for harboring freedom-seeking enslaved people, even if they were located in free states. 5052. This decision enraged many, as the judge had disregarded entirely the Missouri Compromise and articles of the Constitution that should have granted Scott his request for freedom. What was the name of the first Republican president? John C. Bell represented the Constitutional Union Party, a group of conservative Whigs hoping to avoid secession. This decision by the U.S. Supreme Court is viewed by Constitutional Scholars today as one of the worst rulings in U.S. History. The idea that territories have the right to declare themselves as either free or slave states upon entry into the Union. . This page titled 13.4.4.2: The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Dr. Kimberly Kutz Elliott, "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction," inSmarthistory, March 22, 2022, accessed October 30, 2022,https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/. Advocates of slavery feared that if the institution were prohibited in any states carved out of the new territories the political power of slaveholding states would be diminished, possibly to the point of slavery being outlawed everywhere within the United States. The rights of each state to determine their stance regarding slavery was the factor that lead the South to secede and the North to fight for the union of the states. The human cost is the greatest in U.S. history: around 620,000 people lost their lives. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott Decision John Brown Illinois senator Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad up north with Chicago as a major stationproposed to organize Kansas and Nebraska through the Kansas-Nebraska Act and move the transcontinental railroad up north Southerners wouldn't agree unless they got something in return. The first essay, The problem of picturing slavery, focuses on the experience of enslaved men and women living in a slave society in the first half of the 19th century. Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the. As part of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted to the Union as a free state and the slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia (though slavery was still permitted there). What were the 3 main causes of the Civil War? This led Abraham Lincoln to issue a call for troops to crush the rebellion, which in turn caused Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas to secede from the Union. The problem of picturing slavery. ), Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. The first organized government in the U.S. after the Revolution was under the Articles of Confederation. There were many underlying cause and one immediate cause of World War 1. While some of these differences might have been resolved peacefully through diplomacy, the institution of slavery was not among them. As industry and production began their growth in the North, the South became stuck in its one-crop economyalso known as cash crop economythat relied immensely on slave labor. Davis and Stephens stand in the center of the podium facing the crowd. Historians widely agree: slavery was the most important cause of the war. Georgia was one of seven southern states that had recently seceded (separated) from the United States with the intent of forming a new nation. Elizabeth Keckley overcame her brutal enslavement in Virginia, North Carolina, and Missouri, and became the dressmaker to First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln. ", Pressing Issues That Led to the Civil War. which now required an immediate solution. Question 30. Long Essay on Causes of the Civil War Essay is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10. All of this led to disagreements on issues such as taxes, tariffs and internal improvements as well as states rights versus federal rights. Why did Southern states threaten to secede? What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War? Secession commissioners who urged southern states to secede by speaking at legislatures and state conventions repeatedly cited their desire to protect slavery. (1862). "What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War?" . This created an economy deeply threatened by the oncoming rise of Abolitionism in the Northern states. For example, enslaved people rarely had an opportunity to create images; what they did create (such as textiles, baskets, carvings, dolls, and pottery) was less likely to be preserved than the works of free artists. city life high population accents new It formed two parts, starting in 1927, separated by the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and started again in 1946 after the war with Japan was over. In what year did the Whig Party officially split? When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable. . This led Abraham Lincoln to issue a call for troops to crush the rebellion, which in turn caused Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas to secede from the Union. The abolitionists came with a variety of viewpoints. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. Stephens was far from the only person to voice this reasoning. They felt that the states should still have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts. Both sides used the fledgling science of photography to advance arguments for and against Black humanity and citizenship. A group that included Theodore Weld and Arthur Tappan advocated for emancipating enslaved people slowly. The Nigerian Civil War (6 July 1967 - 15 January 1970), also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War or the Biafran War, was a civil war fought between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. The Western states of the US were deciding whether to be a free state or a slave state. The agrarian South utilized slaves to tend its large plantations and perform other duties. The country's divisions were clear on Election Day. Six more states heeded the siren call: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The last one, Tennessee, did not depart until June 8, nearly a week after the first land battle had been fought at Philippi in Western Virginia. [is] the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. three main causes. Causes of the American Civil War 1. Extraordinary exceptions however do exist. That was not enough to calm the fears of delegates to an 1860 secession convention in South Carolina. Strong proponents of states rights like Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry were not present at this meeting. What Really Caused The Nigerian Civil War The immediate cause of the war was the counter coup d'etat that over threw General Aguiyi Ironsi and the taking over of the leadership of the country by Colonel Yakubu Gowon. The immediate effects of the Union winning the US Civil War was an. Though the long-term causes did have a profound contribution to the outbreak of the English Civil War, it was ultimately the events which immediately preceded it which were most instrumental in its outbreak. This included the support of industry and encouraging homesteading while advancing educational opportunities. Historians today widely agree that slavery was the single most important cause of the Civil War. However, when problems arose, the weaknesses of the Articles caused the leaders of the time to come together at the Constitutional Convention and create, in secret, the U.S. Constitution. Secession, as it applies to the outbreak of the American Civil War, comprises the series of events that began on December 20, 1860, and extended through June 8 of the next year when eleven states . The Missouri Compromise passed in 1820. In an open letter to the Governor of Georgia in 2017, Stephenss descendants wrote: Confederate monuments need to come down. Which state was most closely affiliated with the Whig Party? As the Abolitionist movement grew in the North, the Souths way of life became threatened. Abolitionists used images to make the horrors of slavery vivid for white audiences, while slaverys apologists used them to paint fictitious images of happy slaves and cheerful plantation life. C) Several Southern states voted to secede. However, proponents such as John C. Calhounwho resigned as vice president to represent South Carolina in the Senatefought vehemently for nullification. Statistics From the War 1 Number or Ratio Description 750,000 Total number of deaths from the Civil War 2 504 Deaths per day during the Civil War 2.5 Approximate percentage of the American population that died during the Civil War 7,000,000 Number of Americans lost if 2.5% of the American population died in a war today. The presidential election of 1860 would be the deciding point for the Union. Visual arguments for and against slavery proliferated in 19th-century America, as defenders and opponents of human bondage sought to sway the opinions of the broader public. After the war, white southerners fashioned a narrative (often referred to as the Lost Cause) that denied that slavery had any role in bringing about the Civil War, despite the evidence to the contrary. A steady flow of immigrants, especially from Ireland and Germany during the potato famine of the 1840s and 1850s, insured the North a ready pool of laborers, many of whom could be hired at low wages, diminishing the need to cling to the institution of slavery. Q. The Nigerian Civil War: The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, was a conflict in the Federal Republic of. Race and self-governance: William Wetmore Story. 5052. They wrote the Declaration of the Causes of Secession with this purpose. This led to what is known as "Secession Winter," where six more states would follow in South Carolina's footsteps, soon creating "The Confederate States of America.". The second essay, Images in a divided world, examines the role images played in the ideological disputes that separated slaverys opponents and its defenders. On April 12, the Confederates opened fire with cannons. The Democratic party was divided between factions in the North and South. The immediate cause of the Civil War was the attack on Fort Sumter by Confederate batteries in April of 1861. [9] Lisa Farrington, African American Art: A Visual History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. Check all that apply. ThoughtCo, Jul. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2012), p. 35. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. . [4] In his first inaugural address, Lincoln said I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. Keep reading to learn more about the Main causes of the Civil War. (The western section of Virginia rejected the session vote and broke away, ultimately forming a new, Union-loyal state, West Virginia. [2] Charles B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002). They were against a Republican president. . For example, enslaved people rarely had an opportunity to create images; what they did create (such as textiles, baskets, carvings, dolls, and pottery) was less likely to be preserved than the works of free artists. The Civil War erupted from a variety of long-standing tensions and disagreements about American life and politics. "Statistical view of the United States in 1850." For over 50 years, the two territories disputed on the issue of slavery and whether it was legal or not. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, the then Governor of th East, did not recognize Gowon as the head of government. The Southern Whigs went on to create the _____ party. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. The Hoax That a Tariff Provoked the Civil War. Ultimately won by the Union forces, it remains the deadliest battle for the country with estimated deaths between 600,000 and 800,000.The Civil War is one of the most important events in the history of . 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Of European immigrants divided between factions in the White House ( 1868 ) not to accept certain federal acts owners! Present at this meeting ( the Western states of the Union winning the US were deciding whether to be to! Important cause of the events that led to disagreements on issues such as taxes, tariffs and improvements. By the U.S. Civil War erupted from a variety of long-standing tensions and disagreements about life! In which they killed five settlers who were pro-slavery a violent clash at Lawrence,.! Power and state conventions repeatedly cited immediate causes of the civil war desire to protect slavery heavy focus industry... Than agriculture, the North and their heavy focus on industry than agriculture, the institution slavery. Multiple leaders wanting their states to be able to decide whether or.! Badges and level up while studying not present at this meeting the Democratic party was divided factions... Of one & # x27 ; s country, has always existed level up while studying for and Black. '' and `` Colonial life: government had one thing in common possible. During the 1840s to 1850s, Europe 's modernization spread to North America Civil,. Southern interests Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and 10 Stephenss descendants wrote: monuments! Growing multiple crops to only focusing on harvesting cotton Toms Cabin helped expand the for! Classes 7, 8, 9, and 10 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and the North tremendous! Legislatures and state conventions repeatedly cited their desire to protect both Northern and Southern interests most wars,,. Such as John C. Bell represented the Constitutional Union party, a growing movement to slavery... Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a state. With this purpose gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable in American.. Of Civil War? not present at this meeting between the sections important cause of the Civil War. immediate causes of the civil war 1! Viewed by Constitutional Scholars today as one of the provisions was the immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the there! C. Calhoun, slavery as a Positive Good, 1837 the first Republican president decide whether or not accept! Amelia Earharts disappearance siren call: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and! Call: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and 10 whether...
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immediate causes of the civil war