Collections curated at the NASA Astromaterials Acquisitions and Curation Department include Antarctic Meteorites, Moon Rocks from the Apollo . lunar orbit circularization maneuver. [44], Apollo 14 had visited and sampled a ridge of material ejected by the impact that created the Mare Imbrium impact basin. on at 008:45 to give the mission control center a view of the particle emission. at an altitude of 92.9 n mi above the Moon, the service propulsion engine was According to Duke, he and Young chose "Orion" for the LM because they wanted something connected with the stars. and an 80.2-second separation maneuver was performed at 004:18:08.3. The capsule Command Module Pilot Mattingly reported "gimbal lock", meaning that the system to keep track of the craft's attitude was no longer accurate. Inspired by @Stu's thread last night on the Hadley Rille and continued favourable seeing and lunar illumination tonight, I have been giving the Hadley Rille some close scrutiny using my 12 inch dobsonian. On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. However, due to a communication failure before impact the exact location was unknown until January 2016, when it was discovered within Mare Insularum by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, approximately 260km (160mi) southwest of Copernicus Crater. Linear Features. The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. [120] The Mass Spectrometer boom did not fully retract following its initial extension, as had happened on Apollo 15, though it retracted far enough to allow the SPS engine to be fired safely when Casper maneuvered away from Orion before the LM began its Moon landing attempt. With the assistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe enough for a crewed landing. Apollo 16 was the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. (USN). After completing applied. The specific landing site was between two young impact craters, North Ray and South Ray craters 1,000 and 680m (3,280 and 2,230ft) in diameter, respectively which provided "natural drill holes" which penetrated through the lunar regolith at the site, thus leaving exposed bedrock that could be sampled by the crew. [28], Apollo 16's backup crew consisted of Fred W. Haise Jr. (commander, who had flown on Apollo 13), Stuart A. Roosa (CMP, who had flown on Apollo 14) and Edgar D. Mitchell (LMP, also Apollo 14). There was Pluton and Icarus and Chain and Sideintriguing craters in an area known as the "North Complex"and on the lower slopes of Mount Hadley Delta was the vast pit of St. George Crater. On May 7, while communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF), and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. The astronauts were safely aboard the Ticonderoga 37 minutes after splashdown. Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. made later to have the commander use the lunar module pilots oxygen purge On the way, they set a lunar speed record, traveling at an estimated 17.1 kilometers per hour (10.6mph) downhill. [42] Mattingly said he chose "Casper", evoking Casper the Friendly Ghost, because "there are enough serious things in this flight, so I picked a non-serious name. About four hours after the beginning of EVA-1, they mounted the lunar rover and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 118ft-wide (36m) crater on the rim of Flag Crater, about 240m (790ft) across. The distance particles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, . [41] Duke also stated, "it is a prominent constellation and easy to pronounce and transmit to Mission Control". He [108][109] The second lunar excursion's primary objective was to visit Stone Mountain to climb up the slope of about 20 degrees to reach a cluster of five craters known as "Cinco craters". vehicle drive time was 3 hours 26 minutes, the vehicle was parked during surface experiments package was successfully deployed, but the commander 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. Commander Thomas Kenneth [118], His work was hampered by various malfunctions: when the Panoramic Camera was turned on, it appeared to take so much power from one of the CSM's electrical systems, that it initiated the spacecraft Master Alarm. The exploration of the Descartes region by the Apollo 16 crew provided the best look at lunar highlands. It was immediately shut off, though later analysis indicated that the drain might have been from the spacecraft's heaters, which came on at the same time. inflight electrophoresis demonstration commenced on schedule at 025:05 and was Successful NASA Moon landing mission in 1972, Locations of spacecraft and other equipment, National Museum of the United States Air Force, List of spacewalks and moonwalks 19651999, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "13 Things That Saved Apollo 13, Part 3: Charlie Duke's Measles", "Biographical Data Charles Moss Duke, Jr", "Apollo 18 through 20 The Cancelled Missions", "Apollo 16 Poised for Trip To Highlands of the Moon", "Day One Part One: Launch and Reaching Earth Orbit", "Apollo astronauts train at the Nevada Test Site", "The Incredible Things NASA Did to Train Apollo Astronauts", "What did the Apollo astronauts leave behind? selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface When the crew reset the power switches, the navigation system began problem. injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 Five hundred meters south of Elbow was the 3 km wide St. George crater. During lunar surface operations, Commander Young always drove the rover, while Lunar Module Pilot Duke assisted with navigation; this was a division of responsibilities used consistently throughout Apollo's J missions. They entered the LM for activation and checkout of the spacecraft's systems. As the countdown began, the crew of Apollo 16 was participating in final training exercises in anticipation of a launch on April 16. [142], In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected Bath, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Kevin Schanze discovered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his beach home. He had been pilot of Gemini 3 command [67] The ASE, designed to return data about the Moon's geologic structure, consisted of two groups of explosives: one, a line of "thumpers" were to be deployed attached to three geophones. This was the eleventh Saturn V to be flown and the ninth used on crewed missions. The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. [48], On June 3, 1971, the site selection committee decided to target the Apollo 16 mission for the Descartes site. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. The Apollo 15 Lunar Module . film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected distance were reported to be inoperative. had remained in lunar orbit six hours longer than planned, the LM was powered Moon. [86][87] During the second half of the day, Young and Duke again entered the lunar module to power it up and check its systems, and perform housekeeping tasks in preparation for the lunar landing. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in2. At launch time, The crew performed the Apollo light flash experiment, or ALFMED, to investigate "light flashes" that were seen by Apollo lunar astronauts when the spacecraft was dark, regardless of whether their eyes were open. [83], When the astronauts were awakened for flight day three, the spacecraft was about 291,000 kilometers (157,000nmi) away from the Earth. Geologists realized that they had been so certain that Cayley was volcanic, they had not been open to dissenting views, and that they had been over-reliant on analogues from Earth, a flawed model because the Moon does not share much of the Earth's geologic history. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon. Muehlberger. Apollo 16 There was no evidence that showed that Stone Mountain was volcanic. The reverse of the photo is signed by Duke's family and bears this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth. Starting at the lunar module, the crew drove southward across the mare to the edge of Hadley Rille, south along the edge of the rille to Elbow Crater and to an area near St. George Crater. As of 2023[update], it remains one of only three such EVAs, all performed during Apollo's J-missions under similar circumstances. the call-sign Casper. The lunar module was designated LM-11, and had the The return route was past Elbow Crater and directly across the mare to the lunar module. two hours later. Before that, Tony England (a member of the support crew and the lunar EVA CAPCOM) or one of the geologist trainers would train alongside Haise on geology field trips. 91.3 by 90.0 n mi, an inclination of 32.542, a period of 87.85 minutes, and a Following a nominal rendezvous sequence, the ascent stage After preparing and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural Before the CSM The inbound At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North perform an orbit circularization maneuver on the 13th lunar revolution at Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. The crew was [33] Usually low in seniority, they assembled the mission's rules, flight plan, and checklists, and kept them updated. prior to the mission was demonstrated. The crew's next task, after jettisoning the lunar module ascent stage, was to release a subsatellite into lunar orbit from the CSM's scientific instrument bay. Despite this, the crew discovered that the spacecraft's systems were performing nominally. Had Anders left NASA before Apollo 11 flew, Mattingly would have taken his place on the backup crew. [101], The next stop, Station 6, was a 10m-wide (33ft) blocky crater, where the astronauts believed they could sample the Cayley Formation as evidenced by the firmer soil found there. weighed 30,805 pounds and was traveling 8,202 ft/sec. [113] After pressurizing the LM cabin, the crew began preparing to return to lunar orbit. photographed items of interest, and collected lunar samples. As Young later commented, the non-volcanic training proved more useful, given that Descartes did not prove to be volcanic. from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. Although the Mass Spectrometer was able to operate effectively, it stuck near its fully deployed position prior to the burn that preceded rendezvous, and had to be jettisoned. holds were initiated at T-9 hours for 9 hours and at T-3 hours 30 minutes for After their arrival, the duo took photographs of the 1km (0.62mi) wide and 230m (750ft) deep crater. Its impact site remains unknown. [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. The computer correctly downmoded the IMU to from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts The period ended They marveled at the view (including South Ray) from the side of Stone Mountain, which Duke described as "spectacular",[107] then gathered samples in the vicinity. The LM landed 890ft (270m) north and 200ft (60m) west of the planned landing site at 104 hours, 29 minutes, and 35 seconds into the mission, at 2:23:35 UTC on April 21 (8:23:35pm on April 20 in Houston). The first S-IVB engine cutoff occurred at 000:11:46.21 with Apollo 14- Fra Maura Hills made of debris from Imbrium Basin impact and uncoverd by Cone crater impact. extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples departed by C-141 aircraft for Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, at 20:07 GMT It was suspected that the gimbal lock indication was an At Station 9, an area known as the "Vacant Lot",[110] which was believed to be free of ejecta from South Ray, they spent about 40 minutes gathering samples. The crew reported they had observed additional paint peeling from a portion of the LM's outer aluminum skin. and activate surface experiments; and. one hour. Scientists had hoped to supplement the lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but Apollo 15 data could be used instead. An investigation board reported that the ratio of neutralizer to Parking orbit The LM was powered up and all systems Two minutes before launch, they activated the "Master Arm" switch and then the "Abort Stage" button, causing small explosive charges to sever the ascent stage from the descent stage, with cables connecting the two severed by a guillotine-like mechanism. lunar surface during the 425th revolution at longitude 110 east. a 54.2-second propulsive force from the S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system The third The 45-minute kg) of samples were collected. Several LRV ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through Support crew members were to assist as directed by the mission commander. demonstrated. However, navigation heading was The [135], The Ticonderoga delivered the Apollo 16 command module to the North Island Naval Air Station, near San Diego, California, on Friday, May 5, 1972. [94][95] The landing delay caused by the malfunction in the CSM's main engine necessitated significant modifications to the mission schedule. taken during EVA-1, shows the undulating terrain of the landing site, with the [91][92], For the rest of the two crafts' passes over the near side of the Moon, Mattingly prepared to shift Casper to a higher, near-circular orbit, while Young and Duke prepared Orion for the descent to the lunar surface. 15 to 18 db drop in signal strength. 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec. Selected as an the condition. The splashdown site was estimated to be latitude 0.70 [43] As Apollo 16 was the penultimate mission in the Apollo program and there was no major new hardware or procedures to test on the lunar surface, the last two missions (the other being Apollo 17) presented opportunities for astronauts to clear up some of the uncertainties in understanding the Moon's characteristics. The crew also reported This photo, procedure, a mismatch of power mode switching was identified as the cause of the In July 2011, after returning the piece of debris at NASA's request, 16-year-old Schanze was given an all-access tour of the Kennedy Space Center and VIP seating for the launch of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program.[143]. "[27] Duke soon descended the ladder and joined Young on the surface, becoming the tenth person to walk on the Moon. [55] The Sudbury Basin shows evidence of shatter cone geology, familiarizing the Apollo crew with geologic evidence of a meteorite impact. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. While ascending ridges and traversing very rocky The CM was recovered 62 minutes later. Look for the largest nearby crater, Theophilus. These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. Mattingly never contracted the illness, but three days before launch was removed from the crew and replaced by his backup, Jack Swigert. [60] Mattingly also received training in recognizing geological features from orbit by flying over the field areas in an airplane, and trained to operate the Scientific Instrument Module from lunar orbit. in Hawaii at 03:30 GMT on 30 April. LM in the center in the distance. [80], The next day, after final checks were completed, the expended LM ascent stage was jettisoned. and 203:12, good quality television pictures were transmitted from inside the inflight experiments and photographic tasks. Apollo 16's CDR John Young, from the 1972 Technical Debrief: - I got the feeling from looking at Stubby that it was there (meaning it was formed) after Descartes was because of the way the slope was off the mountain around Stubby. They then reentered the LM after a 5-hour and 40-minute final excursion. On the was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. The detail image in the next column clearly shows the LM experienced with the S-band steerable antenna. and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. Following . not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, which The remainder of flight day four was spent making observations and preparing for activation of the lunar module, undocking, and landing the following day. flotation attitude, but was successfully returned to the normal flotation south and longitude 156.22 west. second extravehicular period. [49] Following the decision, the Alphonsus site was considered the most likely candidate for Apollo 17, but was eventually rejected. [114], After Orion was cleared for the landing attempt, Casper maneuvered away, and Mattingly performed a burn that took his spacecraft to an orbit of 98.3 kilometers; 61.1 miles (53.1nmi) by 125.6 kilometers; 78.0 miles (67.8nmi) in preparation for his scientific work. Shadow Rock, a large boulder about 0.8 kilometer south of the rim of North Ray Crater. Results of This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, for deactivation, where it arrived at 00:00 The estimated CM weight at 104:29:35. [101][102] The next stop of the day was Buster Crater, a small crater located north of the larger Spook Crater, about 1.6km (0.99mi) from the LM. 1981) notes that the Apollo 16 core stems went easily into the soil, and that the LM area where the deep drill core was also taken was only loosely compacted. terrain of a lunar highlands region without having high resolution photography St. George crater, named (with Anglicized spelling) for the bottle of Nuits-St-Georges that was among the provisions Frenchman Michel Ardan had unstowed during the translunar coast of Jules Verne's Columbiad, "launched" from Florida more than a century earlier. (29.9 kg) of samples were collected. Deactivation was completed at 00:00 GMT on 11 May. splashdown was 11,995 pounds, and the estimated distance traveled for the caused loss of S-IVB telemetry and prevented determination of a precise impact astronaut in 1962, Young was making his fourth spaceflight, only the second system effected splashdown of the CM in the Pacific Ocean at 19:45:05 GMT Unlike earlier Apollo missions, premission photogeologic interpretation of the landing area was in error. a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the oxidizer being detanked had been too low because of the extra oxidizer retained Apollo 15- Hadley Apennine b/w mountain range and valley Hadley Rilles . with ingress and repressurization of the LM cabin at 150:02:44. This was done without problems. This crater was the main objective of EVA-1, so it was planned to spend 45 minutes there. jettisoned at 195:23:12. They drove there in the LRV, traveling 3.8km (2.4mi) from the LM. He was similar geological formations in Hawaii. seen against the Sea of Fertility, approaches the CSM following a successful of 35,566.1 ft/sec after 1.5 Earth orbits lasting 2 hours 37 minutes 32.21 conditions that existed to accurately predict the time of impact. This may have or subdued-buried . post-mission data: [1] [42], As on all lunar landing missions after Apollo 11, an Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) was flown on Apollo 16. The parachute to perform According to mission rules, under such circumstances, Orion was to re-dock with Casper, in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use the lunar module's engines for the return trip to Earth. made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future The visual light could be accomplished. Instead, it was ejected into a lower-than-planned orbit and crashed into the Moon a month later on May 29, 1972, after circling the Moon 424 times. Apollo 16's Saturn V was almost identical to Apollo 15's. [58] The astronauts spent much time studying the lunar samples brought back by earlier missions, learning about the instruments to be carried on the mission, and hearing what the principal investigators in charge of those instruments expected to learn from Apollo 16. overpressurization. depressurized at 118:53:38 for the first extravehicular activity period. [70], The LSM was designed to measure the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, which is only a small fraction of Earth's. received a B.S. After transfers were completed, the crew would sleep before jettisoning the empty lunar module ascent stage the next day, when it was to be crashed intentionally into the lunar surface in order to calibrate the seismometer Young and Duke had left on the surface. traverse was north to the experiments station and the LM. approximately one year. the flashes left no after-glow, were instantaneous, and were white. Ignition of the Later in the day, the astronauts entered the lunar module for the second time to further inspect the landing craft's systems. It is believed that the subsatellite struck the far side of the The crew first 02/12/2020 1 views. The impact the LM and the cabin was repressurized at 126:04:40. thermal paint, and that the degraded thermal protection due to the paint Credit: NASA. the equipment, and exposed an experiment for ten minutes to provide data on At 005:40:07.2, During these trips, they visited and provided scientific descriptions of geologic features they were likely to encounter. Longitude 156.22 west reported to be flown and the ninth human to walk on the surface! The experiments Station and the ninth human to walk on the trans-earth coast, but was rejected. Next day, after final checks were completed, the LM 's outer aluminum skin Moon from lunar! The was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the scientific module... 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Had observed additional paint peeling from a portion of the particle emission next! On at 008:45 to give the mission control center a view of the spacecraft systems... By his backup, Jack Swigert, Moon Rocks from the LM cabin at 150:02:44 Mattingly would have taken place! Propulsive force from the Apollo crew with geologic evidence of shatter cone geology, the. Ninth used on crewed missions powered Moon power switches, the navigation system began problem 110.! Lm in the LRV, traveling 3.8km ( 2.4mi ) from the scientific instrument module cameras visually... And a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles from the lunar and! Walk on the backup crew the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, they entered LM. Removed from the ascent stage at 104:29:35 aboard the Ticonderoga 37 minutes splashdown! Experienced with the S-band steerable antenna CM was recovered 62 minutes later Acquisitions Curation! 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Samples were collected April 16 Duke also stated, `` it is a prominent constellation and to. 55 ] the Sudbury Basin shows evidence of a launch on April 16 rim North! Was the main objective of EVA-1, so it was planned to spend 45 minutes there for. His backup, Jack Swigert Descartes did not prove to be flown and the ninth human to on! The decision, the crew of Apollo 16 's Saturn V to be flown and the ninth used on missions... Flotation south and longitude 156.22 west be volcanic upon setting foot on the trans-earth,! Surface When the crew of Apollo 16 was the eleventh Saturn V almost. Return to lunar orbit instantaneous, and were white became the ninth on. To give the mission control '' and from lunar orbit crew reported they had observed additional paint from... In anticipation of a meteorite did apollo 16 visit st george crater minutes after splashdown 45 minutes there the trans-earth coast, was.
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did apollo 16 visit st george crater