why tropical cyclones move from east to west upsc

Also called typhoons, tropical cyclones generally have been moving westward by about 18 miles per decade (30 km) since 1982, putting them closer to land and making them more dangerous, a study in Thursday's journal Science said. A category 1 cyclone is the weakest, with wind speeds of 74-95 mph. Geography of UPSC IAS CDS NDA; 19 . A tropical cyclone turns into a typhoon in the western Pacificnear Asiawhen it has winds of 74 MPH or greater. Conclusion: The above reasons show that Cyclones are more prone to the East Coast than on the West Coast of India. #kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-radius:10px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:5px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;margin-top:1px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-color:#eeeeee;background:#f1f3ef;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container{max-width:30px;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:100%;width:300px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-info-svg-icon, #kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, #kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;border-radius:200px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-media .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic:not(.kb-info-box-image-ratio) img{border-radius:200px;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:#4f4e4e;font-size:15px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-color:#555555;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:4px 8px 4px 8px;margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}#kt-info-box_115628-3c .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-color:#444444;} This closed air circulation (whirling motion) is a result ofrapid upward movement of the hot airwhich is subjected toCoriolis force. A mature tropical cyclone is characterized by the, The eye is a roughly circular area of comparatively, The eye is surrounded by the eyewall, the roughly circular ring of, The eye is composed of air that is slowly sinking and the eyewall has a net upward flow as a result of many moderate occasionally strong. A generic term for tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes. Air in the tropics generally moves in the direction of the equator. The reason why tropical cyclones often follow the direction from West [sic] to East [sic] is b/c tropical cyclones do not often follow the direction from west to east. Cyclones in the northwest Pacific that reach (exceed) 74 mph are typhoons. Under favorable conditions, multiple thunderstorms originate over the oceans. Thus, the convergence of these air masses of different temperatures and the resulting instability are the prerequisites for the origin and growth of violent tropical storms. All the wind that is carried upwards loses its moisture and becomes cold and dense. Further, these old abandoned troughs (remnants of temperate cyclones) usually have cold cores, suggesting that the environmental lapse rate is steeper and unstable below these troughs. Moving air is deflected by the rotation of the Earth. Odisha is followed by Andhra Pradesh at 79, West Bengal at 69 and Tamil Nadu at 54. Storms generally move east to west because of trade winds in the tropics, so a greater westward shift usually puts them closer to where the land is, Wang said. May In the United States, the wind above our head tends to move in a direction from west to east. Besides all these, i request u to upload the pdfs of the remaining topics such as monsoon in india. Hurricane Irma may be getting most of the headlines right now, but its sharing the Atlantic, The water vapour it carries condenses and forms cumulonimbus clouds. The eyes warm temperatures are due to compressional warming (adiabatic) of the subsiding air. The islands attain special significance in this as they facilitate monitoring of these developments. In the northern hemisphere, the deflection is to the right (seen with the wind in the back) and in southern hemisphere, it . However, only a few of these disturbances develop into cyclones. Tropical cyclones are also known as hurricanes. - The post-monsoon period sees a higher number of cyclones than the pre-monsoon period. They originate and intensify over warm tropical oceans. Presence of the Coriolis force enough to create a cyclonic vortex. This is due to the accumulation of warm waters in the eastern Pacific due to weak Walker Cell], [Due to high specific heat of water, and mixing, the ocean waters in northern hemisphere attain maximum temperatures in August. (Continents attain maximum temperatures in June-July)], [rising of humid air => adiabatic lapse rate => fall in temperature of air => condensation of moisture in air => latent heat of condensation released => air gets more hot and lighter => air is further uplifted => more air comes in to fill the gap => new moisture available for condensation => latent heat of condensation and the cycle repeats], [Eye is created due to tangential force acting on wind that is following a curvy path]. .kadence-column_b1060f-86 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;border-color:#f1f3ef;border-top-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-width:2px;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;} The wind velocity in a tropical cyclone is much higher and it is more destructive. It helps in taking advance steps in the following areas: provision of shelter with sanitation facilities (safety homes). Why are tropical cyclones very rare on the eastern margins of the oceans? This is because tropical cyclones develop over warm sea waters and follow trade winds that blow westward. This is because it deflects the paths of the winds within the tropical storm. A tornado is a rotating column of air ranging in width from a few yards to more than a mile and whirling at destructively high speeds, usually accompanied by a funnel-shaped downward extension of a cumulonimbus cloud. must-have Eventually, the band moves toward the center and encircles it and the, The lowest layer, extending up to 3 km and known as the inflow layer, is responsible for, The middle layer, extending from 3 km to 7 km, is where the, The outflow layer lies above 7 km. Tropical Cyclones: Favorable Conditions for Formation, Stages of Formation & Structure, Thunderstorm | Thunder & Lightning | Tornado, Storm Surge | Naming of Cyclones | Cyclones in Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal. The BOB is generally more stratified than the AS because 1) the upper-ocean is warmer and 2) the much higher rainfall creates barrier layers in the near surface (haline stratification). The source of the occurrence lies between 5-30 latitudes in both the hemisphere. Are tropical storms and hurricanes increasing? Primary References:NCERT Geography, IMD,Encyclopedia Britannica[Images],Spectrums Geography [Amazon and Flipkart] and Savindra Singh[Amazon and Flipkart]. HOW CAN I DOWNLOAD PDF? Small variations in the vertical wind speed. Origin: The origin of a tropical cyclone is thermal because it is caused by the evaporation of ocean water due to insolation in the ocean, whereas the origin of a temperate cyclone is dynamic because it occurs at the boundary of two air masses, due to the difference in temperature and pressure of the air masses. Tropical cyclones develop when the wind is uniform. They begin as a group of storms when the water gets as hot as 80 F (27 C) or hotter. The Coriolis effect made by the Earth's rotation causes the winds to rotate. Between 1891 and 2000, 308 cyclones hit the east coast, of which 103 were severe. Cloud formation is dense at the center. 5: theory: India: CLIMATE Temperature contrasts between these air masses must exist when the ITCZ is farthest, from the equator. You are doing amazing work. Andhra Pradesh has been battered by 60 cyclones in . The normal motion is called direct motion, while the backwards motion is called retrograde motion. #kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-radius:10px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:5px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;margin-top:1px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-color:#eeeeee;background:#f1f3ef;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container{max-width:30px;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:100%;width:512px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-info-svg-icon, #kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, #kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;border-radius:200px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-media .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic:not(.kb-info-box-image-ratio) img{border-radius:200px;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:#4f4e4e;font-size:15px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-color:#555555;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:4px 8px 4px 8px;margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}#kt-info-box_fd7786-59 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-color:#444444;} Hurricanes are found in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, whereas typhoons . just cant express my gratitude in words. Guam and the Northern Marianas Islands are west of the International Date Line. Yet another inquiry we ran across in our research was "Why do tropical cyclones form on the west coast?". Low-level disturbance (thunderstorms they are the seeds of cyclones) in the form of easterly wave disturbances in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) should pre-exist. Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea where they are called cyclones. The main features of tropical cyclones are as follows. This is because summers and pre-monsoons see dry and hot air moving from north-western India towards the Bay. Tropical cyclones develop when the wind is uniform. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. Along these bands, low-level convergence is a maximum, and therefore, upper-level divergence is most pronounced above. If ocean can supply more moisture, the storm will reach a mature stage. ThankYou so much Lotusarise for providing very qualitative study material it is so helpful in optional as well as Gs also and also in other exams like NET JRFplease keep it up ..best wishes for your future perspectives. High humidity (around 50 to 60 per cent) is required in the mid-troposphere, since the presence of moist air leads to the formation of, Such conditions exist over the equatorial. A category 5 cyclone, on the other hand, is extremely dangerous and has the potential for major damage. Tropical depressions are the primary reason for the monsoon rains that the Indo-Gangetic plains and most of northern India receive. Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to the coastal areas bringing about large scale destruction due to violent winds (squalls), very heavy rainfall (torrential rainfall) and storm surge. Tropical cyclones are regarded as one of the most devastating natural calamities in the world. 1. the wind pattern itself (cyclone/anticyclone) - This is because summers and pre-monsoons see dry and hot air moving from north-western India towards the Bay. Tropical Cyclones . The air from surroundings rushes in and undergoes deflection due to, Due to centripetal acceleration (centripetal force pulling towards the center is countered by an opposing force called centrifugal force), the air in the vortex is forced to form a region of calmness called an. Because of warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds drag ocean waters towards west) that flow from east towards west forming a thick layer of warm water with temperatures greater than 27C. Cyclones are low-pressure systems that suck air into their center, or "eye." In the Northern Hemisphere, fluids from high-pressure systems pass low-pressure systems to their right. Tropical Cyclone forms only on seas with temperature more than 26-27degree C and dissipate on reaching the land. Violent cyclone or storm that originates from the oceans in a tropical area and further they move over to the coastal areas bringing about large scale destruction which is caused by violent high-speed winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges, it is called a tropical cyclone. Tropical cyclones in general, have different terms and names depending on their location and strength. The regions with cumulonimbus cloud (rising limbs of the convective cell) formation are called. Torrent a strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid. The eye is a roughly circular area of comparatively. why tropical cyclones move from east to west upsc. Storms that form just west of. #kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-radius:10px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:5px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;margin-top:1px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-color:#eeeeee;background:#f1f3ef;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container{max-width:30px;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:100%;width:512px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-info-svg-icon, #kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, #kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;border-radius:200px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-media .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic:not(.kb-info-box-image-ratio) img{border-radius:200px;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:#4f4e4e;font-size:15px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-color:#555555;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:4px 8px 4px 8px;margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}#kt-info-box_a0fbb6-09 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-color:#444444;} Jb mai IPS bnungi to iss website ka name media ko btaungi. Tropical Cyclone: It occurs over tropical ocean regions. The recent cyclone on the east coast of India was called "Phailin". #kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-radius:10px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:5px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;margin-top:1px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-color:#eeeeee;background:#f1f3ef;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container{max-width:30px;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:100%;width:512px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-info-svg-icon, #kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, #kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;border-radius:200px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-media .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic:not(.kb-info-box-image-ratio) img{border-radius:200px;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:#4f4e4e;font-size:15px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-color:#555555;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:4px 8px 4px 8px;margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}#kt-info-box_1baa78-fd .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-color:#444444;} The maximum outflow is found at 12 km and above. #kt-adv-heading_e05a11-a3, #kt-adv-heading_e05a11-a3 .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading_e05a11-a3[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading_e05a11-a3"], .kadence-advanced-heading-wrapper .kt-adv-heading_e05a11-a3[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading_e05a11-a3"]{text-align:center;font-size:18px;line-height:5px;font-weight:800;color:#0877b3;}#kt-adv-heading_e05a11-a3 mark, #kt-adv-heading_e05a11-a3 .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading mark, .kt-adv-heading_e05a11-a3[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading_e05a11-a3"] mark{padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;} It also controls whether the air will rise or fall in temperature. These are ferocious storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to the coastal areas causing violent winds, very heavy rainfall, and storm outpourings. par | Mai 29, 2022 | at present, the members of the family hominidae include | fulton county property search qpublic | Mai 29, 2022 | at present, the members of the family hominidae include | fulton county property search qpublic The ascending air will lose moisture at some point and descends (subsides) back to the surface through the calm regions (descending limbs of convection cell subsiding air) that exist between two rain bands. (250 words) (UPSC 2014) Difficulty level: Moderate. The islands attain special significance in this as they facilitate monitoring of these developments. Wind speed of over 62 kmph is classified as a tropical cyclone and assigned a name. The eyes warm temperatures are due to compressional warming (adiabatic) of the subsiding air. Tropical cyclones move from east to west tracking roughly along the base of the Hadley global circulation cell. Because subsidence is concentrated on the inside of the band, the adiabatic warming is stronger inward from the band causing a sharp contrast in pressure to fall across the band since warm air is lighter than cold air. These act to steer our storms and move them across the country. Temperate cyclones form along the polar front. This effect is then tipped vertically by rising air moving up through the thunderclouds. Because of weak vertical wind shear, cyclone formation processes are limited to latitude equatorward of the subtropical jet stream. While the sustained winds are reduced because of the dampening effect of larger roughness over land. They carry hurricanes and other tropical storms from east to west. The 7517 km coastal area of India is hit by over 10 percent of the world's tropical cyclones year on year. The condensation of moisture releases enough. #kt-layout-id_6c178f-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;max-width:600px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){#kt-layout-id_6c178f-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:950px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}. The remains of an upper tropospheric cyclone from the Westerlies move deep into the tropical latitude regions. Whereas the tropical cyclones originate only over the seas and on reaching the land they dissipate. As Nisarga is expected to hit the western coast, Mumbai is under severe threat. Elaborate. The ones at the periphery are made up of nimbostratus and cumulus clouds. Tropical oceans spawn approximately 80 tropical storms annually, and about two-thirds are severe (category, Copyright 2023 EarthProfessor | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. vulnerability to cyclones. The impact of these cyclones varies from place to place. Temperate cyclone affect a much larger area. Thank you so much..this is the very helpful source .clear lot of concepts, Your email address will not be published. #kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-radius:10px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:5px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:6px;margin-top:1px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-color:#eeeeee;background:#f1f3ef;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container{max-width:30px;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:100%;width:512px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-info-svg-icon, #kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, #kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;border-radius:200px;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:10px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-media .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic:not(.kb-info-box-image-ratio) img{border-radius:200px;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-media{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-color:#eeeeee;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:#4f4e4e;font-size:15px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-color:#555555;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:4px 8px 4px 8px;margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;}#kt-info-box_971e15-5d .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-color:#444444;}

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