safavid empire political structure

The greatest Safavid ruler was Shah Abbas I (r. 1587 - 1629), who modernized the Persian military, adding musketeers and artillery-men; moved the capital city deeper into the Persian heartland; and established a policy of tolerance towards Christians in the empire. The latter was the final appeal in civil and criminal cases, and his office stood next to the main entrance to the Ali Qapu palace. This Bakhtrioni Uprising was successfully defeated under personal direction of Shah Abbas II himself. Despite falling revenues and military threats, later shahs were said to have had lavish lifestyles. Sir E. Denison Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley and his Persian Adventure, pp. Examples of such were the trade and artisan guilds, which had started to appear in Iran from the 1500s. He blamed this on misgovernment, the sparse population of the country, and lack of appreciation of agriculture amongst the Persians. The two princes quarrelled and eventually Bayezid rebelled against his father. First, he bargained for peace with the Ottomans in 1590, giving away territory in the north-west. Omissions? [242] As such, the status of medicine in the Safavid period did not change much, and relied as much on these works as ever before. According to Encyclopdia Iranica, his father and founder of the Empire, Ismail I, had begun this process on a bureaucratic level as he appointed a number of prominent Persians in powerful bureaucratic positions, and one can see this continued in Tahmsps lengthy and close relationship with the chief vizier, Qi Jahn of Qazvin, after 1535. They ruled their provinces like petty shahs and spent all their revenues on their own province, only presenting the Shah with the balance. It seems that the Safavid family left its homeland and moved to Azarbaijan (modern northwestern Iran) in the twelfth century. The Mongol invasions that began in the 13th century drastically reconfigured the Islamic world. Trade with the West and industry expanded, communications improved. The tribal Afghans rode roughshod over their conquered territory for seven years but were prevented from making further gains by Nader Shah, a former slave who had risen to military leadership within the Afshar tribe in Khorasan, a vassal state of the Safavids. Tabriz was the center of this industry. Although the early afav order was originally Sunni, following the jurisprudence of the Shfi school, it gravitated toward Shiism over time, perhaps pulled along by the popular veneration of Al. Related Questions Shh Tahmsp, the young titular governor of Khorasan,[66] succeeded his father Ismil in 1524, when he was ten years and three months old. The capture of Baghdad by Ismail I in 1509, was only followed by its loss to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534. In the east, the Mughal dynasty of India had expanded into Afghanistan at the expense of Iranian control, taking Kandahar and Herat. It was also requested from them that they appoint a lawyer (vakil) to the Court who would inform them on matters pertaining to the provincial affairs. When Tahmsp died in 984/1576, Iran was calm domestically, with secure borders and no imminent threat from either the Uzbeks or the Ottomans. The fourth vakil was murdered by the Qizilbash, and the fifth was put to death by them. Safavid culture is often admired for the large-scale city planning and architecture, achievements made during the reign of later shahs, but the arts of persian miniature, book-binding and calligraphy, in fact, never received as much attention as they did during his time. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, the Kurdish stronghold of Dimdim was captured. The 150-year tug-of-war accentuated the Sunni and Shi'a rift in Iraq. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-safavid-empire-195397 (accessed January 18, 2023). [62] By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east, led by their Khan Muhammad Shaybni, were driven far to the north, across the Oxus River, where they continued to attack the Safavids. The next most important mount, when traveling through Iran, was the mule. The Safavid and Mughal both had a centralized government, based on military conquest, and were both Muslim based empires. As Vladimir Minorsky put it, friction between these two groups was inevitable, because the Qezelbash "were no party to the national Persian tradition." As non-Turcoman converts to Islam, these Circassian and Georgian olmns (also written as ghulams) were completely unrestrained by clan loyalties and kinship obligations, which was an attractive feature for a ruler like Tahmsp whose childhood and upbringing had been deeply affected by Qezelb tribal politics. Poetry stagnated under the Safavids; the great medieval ghazal form languished in over-the-top lyricism. The state religion was Shi'a Islam. R. Matthee. The Turkish spoken in Safavid Iran was mostly what nowadays is referred to as Azeri or Azerbaijani Turkish. They outlawed it at the turn of the century. But the Portuguese ambassador to the Safavids, De Gouvea, still mentions the Council of State[188] in his records, which perhaps was a term for governmental gatherings of the time. Since Safavid was a theocracy they followed Gods will through the Shah, who at time was considered the entire government. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. It was a high point for the art of the book and architecture; and also including ceramics, metal, glass, and gardens. And with the assistance of the Muscovy Company they could cross over to Moscow, reaching Europe via Poland. Tasmsp at the same time removed his son Ismail from his Qizilbash followers and imprisoned him at Qahqaha. She is said to have poisoned his opium.[94]. Henceforth, a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin, was established, delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. The Mughal Empire had a well trained army but was defeated. Szczepanski, Kallie. . [45] There were many local states prior to the Iranian state established by Ismil. Presently, there is a community of nearly 1.7 million people who are descendants of the tribes deported from Kurdistan to Khurasan (Northeastern Iran) by the Safavids. In a number of ways the Safavids affected the development of the modern Iranian state: first, they ensured the continuance of various ancient and traditional Persian institutions, and transmitted these in a strengthened, or more 'national', form; second, by imposing Ithna 'Ashari Shi'a Islam on Iran as the official religion of the Safavid state, they enhanced the power of mujtahids. By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east were driven across the Oxus River where they captured Samarkand establishing the Shaibanid dynasty, and from which they would continue to attack the Safavids. Since two other sons had predeceased him, when he died on January 19, 1629, he had no son capable of succeeding him. [84] According to the Encyclopdia Iranica, this would be as well the starting point for the corps of the olmn-e a-ye-e arifa, or royal slaves, who would dominate the Safavid military for most of the empire's length, and would form a crucial part of the third force. Meeting with little success, Abbs engaged in a major army reform. Afterwards, Ismail went on a conquest campaign, capturing Tabriz in July 1501, where he enthroned himself the Shh of Azerbaijan,[51][52][53] proclaimed himself King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran[54][55][56] and minted coins in his name, proclaiming Twelver Shsm as the official religion of his domain. The public land was under the rule of local governors, or Khans. They appear to have abandoned their identity as Sunni Muslims and embrace Shia ideals under their leader, one Khwaja Ali. [223] The Persians were also active in the Aceh Sultanate, the Brunei Sultanate, the Demak Sultanate, and Dai Viet. Later, he conquered territories as far as east as Delhi, but did not fortify his Persian base and eventually, he exhausted his army's strength. Another official selected by the consensus of the local community was the kadkhoda, who functioned as a common law administrator. While large in terms of land area, the large proportion of deserts and mountains in its territory meant density was very low; the empire's population is estimated to have probably numbered between eight and ten million in 1650, as compared to c.20 million for the Ottoman Empire in 1600. Establishment of Shi'ism as the state religion, Conflict between Turcomans and Persians during the Safavid period, E. Yarshater, "Language of Azerbaijan, vii., Persian language of Azerbaijan,". The elegantly baroque yet famously 'Polonaise' carpets were made in Iran during the 17th century. They finally arrived at the court of Philip III of Spain in 1602. Expert Answers. Ali Quli Khan Shamlu, the lala of Abbas and Ismail II's man in Herat proclaimed Abbas shah there April 1581. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. The original name was just turki, and so a convenient name might be Turki-yi Acemi. He returned to Kartli, and in two punitive campaigns he devastated Tbilisi, killed 6070,000 Kakheti Georgian peasants, and deported between 130,000 and 200,000 Georgian captives to mainland Iran. Pari Khn Khnum, sister of Ismail and Mohammad, hoped to act as regent for any of the three (including her older brother, who was nearly blind). Each town had their own troop of wrestlers, called Pahlavans. [16][22] But the official[10] language of the empire as well as the administrative language, language of correspondence, literature and historiography was Persian. [31] The establishment of Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Safavid Iran led to various f orders (tariqa) openly declaring their Shte position, and others to promptly assume Sha Islam. In 1503, the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti were made his vassals as well. [128], Teimuraz returned to eastern Georgia in 1615 and defeated a Safavid force. Chardin also noted that bringing cases into court in Iran was easier than in the West. By travelling across the Caspian sea to the north, they would reach Russia. The judge (qazi) was informed of relevant points involved and would decide whether or not to take up the case. During the first 30 years of his long reign, he was able to suppress the internal divisions by exerting control over a strengthened central military force. the peace treaty signed between the ottoman empire and the safavid empire on may 17, 1639, after the conquest of baghdad, which had been in the hands of the iranians for 14 years as a result of murat's baghdad campaign, ending the 1623-1639 ottoman-safavid war and determining the current turkey-iran border.13 from a general point of view, it The political structure of the Safavid Empire was structured like a pyramid with the Shah at the very top of the pyramid, similar to a pope. The latter were all secular functionaries working on behalf of the Shah.[200]. [114], What effectively fully severed Abbas's dependence on the Qizilbash, however, was how he constituted this new army. [157] There even are numerous recorded accounts of laymen that rose to high official posts, as a result of their merits. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, the Buwayhids, who were of Zeydi a branch of Shi'ism ruled in Fars, Isfahan, and Baghdad. A Study of the Migration of Shii Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. [49] Ismil was of mixed Turkoman, Kurdish, Pontic Greek, and Georgian descent, and was a direct descendant of the Kurdish f Muslim mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din. After becoming the Safaviyeh leader in 1447, Sheikh Junayda descendant of Sheikh Safi Al-Dintransformed it into a revolutionary Shi'a movement with the goal of seizing power in Iran. In Esposito, John L. Also, the camel was a good investment for the merchant, as they cost nearly nothing to feed, carried a lot weight and could travel almost anywhere. According to Donald Struesand, "although the Safavid unification of the eastern and western halves of the Iranian plateau and imposition of Twelver Shii Islam on the region created a recognizable precursor of modern Iran, the Safavid polity itself was neither distinctively Iranian nor national. The Common people were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of farmers and herders. It was certainly not homogenousmaybe it was an Azerbaijanian-Ottoman mixed language, as Beltadze (1967:161) states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century. While the imams and judges of law applied civil law in their practice, urf was primarily exercised by the local commissioners, who inspected the villages on behalf of the Shah, and by the Minister of Justice (Divanbegi). The Shah had a dozen of each in his service and would usually be accompanied by three doctors and three astrologers, who were authorized to sit by his side on various occasions. Islamic philosophy[237] flourished in the Safavid era in what scholars commonly refer to the School of Isfahan. His painting and calligraphic style influenced Iranian artists for much of the Safavid period, which came to be known as the Isfahan school. According to historian Roger Savory, "Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power. A major problem faced by Ismail I after the establishment of the Safavid state was how to bridge the gap between the two major ethnic groups in that state: The Qezelbash Turkmens, the "men of the sword" of classical Islamic society whose military prowess had brought him to power, and the Persian elements, the "men of the pen," who filled the ranks of the bureaucracy and the religious establishment in the Safavid state as they had done for centuries under previous rulers of Persia, be they Arabs, Turkic, Mongols, or Turkmens. The political structure of the Safavid Empire was structured like a pyramid with the Shah at the very top of the pyramid, similar to a pope. His oldest son, the crown prince Mohammad Baqer Mirza, was executed following a court intrigue in which several Circassians were involved, while two others were blinded. Women with slender waists were regarded as more attractive than those with larger figures. [129], In 160910, a war broke out between Kurdish tribes and the Safavid Empire. [16] The inscriptions on Safavid currency were also in Persian. The Safavids (Persian: ) were a native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty in the early modern period. He wholeheartedly adopted the use of gunpowder. Martha's mother Theodorabetter known as Despina Khatun[43]was a Pontic Greek princess, the daughter of the Grand Komnenos John IV of Trebizond. 1867. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia. The highest level in the government was that of the Prime Minister, or Grand Vizier (Etemad-e Dowlat), who was always chosen from among doctors of law. Abbas I built a new city next to the ancient Persian one. Roger M. Savory, "Safawidsiii, The establishment of the Safawid state,". [65] The Chaldiran battle also holds historical significance as the start of over 300 years of frequent and harsh warfare fueled by geo-politics and ideological differences between the Ottomans and the Iranian Safavids (as well as successive Iranian states) mainly regarding territories in Eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia. Mohammad allowed others to direct the affairs of state, but none of them had either the prestige, skill or ruthlessness of either Tahmsp or Ismail II to rein in the ethnic or palace factions, and each of his rulers met grim ends. Due to his fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. The first Safavid king, Esml I (907-30/1501-24), initiated a process of political and religious change in Persia that profoundly affected the economic structure. Abbas I first fought the Uzbeks, recapturing Herat and Mashhad, in 1598. [194], During the first century of the dynasty, the primary court language remained Azeri,[189] although this increasingly changed after the capital was moved to Isfahan. Period 3 April 6, 2011 Safavid and Mughal Mughal and Safavid were a few of the strongest empires in their time. The majority were deported to Iran, while some were slaughtered. The fourth vakil was murdered by the Qezelbash, and the fifth was put to death by them. The Safavid Empire started its period of decline. Safavid art is the art of the Persian Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1722, in present-day Iran. Once known as Persia, the area encompassing and surrounding modern day Iran has seen many empires rise and fall. He enjoyed tremendous power and control over national affairs as he was the immediate deputy of the Shah. From then on Cyrus was called the " shah ," or king, of Persia. Richard Wilson, When Golden Time Convents: Twelfth Night and Shakespeare's Eastern Promise, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMunsh1978 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSstn (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJavakhishvili1970 (. Nadir Shah defeated the Afghans in the Battle of Damghan, in 1729. As Tahmasp understood and realized that any long-term solutions would mainly involve minimizing the political and military presence of the Qizilbash as a whole, it would require them to be replaced by a whole new layer in society, that would question and battle the authority of the Qizilbash on every possible level, and minimize any of their influences. In 1514, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I invaded western Armenia, causing the ill-prepared Safavid army to retreat. Traditional architecture evolved in its patterns and methods leaving its impact on the architecture of the following periods. Seven years later Shah ahmsp II recovered Efahn and ascended the throne, only to be deposed in 1732 by his Afshrid lieutenant Nadr Qol Beg (the future Ndir Shh). Medieval Islamic period" in, Mikheil Svanidze, "The Amasya Peace Treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Iran (June 1, 1555) and Georgia,", Max Scherberger, The Confrontation between Sunni and Shii Empires: Ottoman-Safavid Relations between the Fourteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries in. Whether Abbas had fully formed his strategy at the onset, at least in retrospect his method of restoring the shah's authority involved three phases: (1) restoration of internal security and law and order; (2) recovery of the eastern territories from the Uzbeks; and (3) recovery of the western territories from the Ottomans. In September of that year, Tahmasp and Bayezid were enjoying a banquet at Tabriz when Tahmasp suddenly pretended he had received news that the Ottoman prince was engaged in a plot against his life. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. The Shirley brothers arrived in 1598 and helped reorganize the Iranian army, which proved to be crucial in the OttomanSafavid War (160318), which resulted in Ottoman defeats in all stages of the war and the first clear pitched Safavid victory of their archrivals. The Qizilbash were a wide variety of Shii Muslims (ghult) and mostly Turcoman militant groups who helped found the Safavid Empire. This layer would be solely composed of hundreds of thousands of deported, imported, and to a lesser extent voluntarily migrated ethnic Circassians, Georgians, and Armenians. Majlisi's works emphasized his desire to purge Twelver Shiism of the influences of mysticism and philosophy, and to propagate an ideal of strict adherence to the Islamic law (sharia). Despite being based on urf, it relied upon certain sets of legal principles. They were costly because of the widespread trade in them, including to Turkey and India. The Shumlu leader, Ali Quli Khan, however, holed himself inside Herat with Abbas. The empire's rulers, like the Ottoman rulers, were Muslim, yet the Safavid Empire used religion differently to promote order and stability within its realm. The second most senior appointment was the Grand Steward (Ichik Agasi bashi), who would always accompany the Shah and was easily recognizable because of the great baton that he carried with him. [113] It was clear that Abbas' style of leadership would be entirely different from Mohammad Khodabanda's leadership. The Safavids (Persian: ) were a native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty in the early modern period. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article However, they were different in that while the women's freedom decreased after Shah Abbas' death, the women of Mughal Empire had their freedom unrestricted until the end of the Mughal Empire. A dispute arose in the Ottoman Empire over who was to succeed the aged Suleiman the Magnificent. Abbas's tolerance towards Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. [138], The shah had set great store on an alliance with Spain, the chief opponent of the Ottomans in Europe. The Common people were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of farmers and herders. [97] Pari Khn Khnum could master strong support among the Qizilbash, and her uncle, Shamkhal Sultan, was a prominent Circassian who held a high official position. The vizier thought that the royal forces failed to prosecute the siege sufficiently and accused the forces of sedition. -Did a lot of things to improve and ruin the empire. [30] The Safavid Shh Ism'l I established the Twelver denomination of Sha Islam as the official religion of the empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. Notwithstanding the success with firearms at Jm, Tahmsp still lacked the confidence to engage their archrivals the Ottomans, choosing instead to cede territory, often using scorched earth tactics in the process. He was responsible for introducing all guests, receiving petitions presented to the Shah and reading them if required. Safavid, like other Empires had a long standing hierarchy. Shah Abbas wanted to undermine this political structure, and the recreation of Isfahan, as a Grand . One of the strikingly significant things about the Safavid dynasty--a religious order that over the centuries took on military and political elements--is the many wars that were fought. Summary. Floor 2001 is a useful, well-sourced survey of the political organization of Safavid society. The relationship between the Turkic-speaking 'Turks' and Persian-speaking 'Tajiks' was symbiotic, yet some form of rivalry did exist between the two. Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were largely ineffectual. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Not only did the invasions bring about the end of the Abbasid empire and leave the centre of eastern Islamdom fractured, but the arrival of new Turkic peoples and dynasties throughout much of Islamdom shifted the axes of power into the hands of Turkic clans. In this period, handicrafts such as tile making, pottery and textiles developed and great advances were made in miniature painting, bookbinding, decoration and calligraphy. Throughout the rest of the decade, Ismail I fended off attacks from the Ottomans, stamped out the remnants of a rival faction, called the Ak Koyunlu, and continued to expand his territoryHamadan in 1503, Shiraz and Kerman in 1504, Najaf and Karbala in 1507, Van in 1508, Baghdad in 1509, Khorasan and Herat in 1510. [190], As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. The Ottoman-Safavid War of 1623-1639 was the last of a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia. Rather than rely on another Turkmen tribe, he appointed a Persian wakl. Archery took first place. 34, 597634. [119] As mentioned by the Encyclopaedia Iranica, lastly, from 1600 onwards, the Safavid statesman Allhverd Khan, in conjunction with Robert Sherley, undertook further reorganizations of the army, which meant among other things further dramatically increasing the number of ghulams to 25,000.[120]. Following his conquest of Iran and Azerbaijan, Ismail I made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs. [74] The goal of the Ottomans in the 1534 and 15481549 campaigns, during the 15321555 OttomanSafavid War, was to install Tahmsp's brothers (Sam Mirza and Alqas Mirza, respectively) as shah in order to make Iran a vassal state. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing GRAB THE BEST PAPER 95.7% of users find it useful From 1609-1610, war broke out between Kurdish tribes and Safavid Empire. 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